Pustular psoriasis L40.1

from Zumbusch, 1910

Psoriasis pustulosa generalisata (PPG) is clinically defined as: " Acquired, rarely familial (Marrakchi S et al. 2011), sterile pustulosis on "non-sacral" skin with or without associated psoriasis vulgaris, with or without systemic inflammation, which may be persistent (> 3 months) or recurrent (> 1 episode) with an individually variable (potentially life-threatening) course" (extended version of the European Consensus Statement on Phenotypes of Pustular Psoriasis). Previously, the disease was classified as a rare, severe, maximum pustular variant of psoriasis . It is now also seen as a clinical entity to be distinguished from psoriasis.

The disease occurs in 3 clinical variants:

1. Sporadic PPG without symptoms of psoriasis vulgaris
2. Sporadic PPG with associated symptoms of psoriasis vulgaris (30% of cases)
3. Familial PPG (In 2011, homozygous missense mutations in the IL36RN gene were identified in nine Tunisian families in which several members had GPP (Marrakchi S et al. 2011).

Rare; prevalence: 0.1-0.9/100,000 inhabitants. More common in Japan than in European ethnic groups (incidence: approx. 0.7/100,000 inhabitants/Ohkawara A et al. 1996).

Pustular psoriasis represents a different type of reaction to psoriasis vulgaris, which can occur with or without the precursor stage of psoriasis vulgaris. However, there are patients in whom both manifestations alternate. Psoriasis vulgaris can also suddenly be complicated by a pustular component (psoriasis cum pustulatione).

Trigger factors: Trigger factors for generalized pustular psoriasis are bacterial and viral(Epstein-Barr virus infections) infections, medication (antihypertensives, terbinafine, chloroquine - see also hydroxychloroquine-induced"generalized pustular figured erythema"), pregnancy (see also Impetigo herpetiformis) or sudden withdrawal of systemic glucocorticoid therapy. In rare cases, a pustular paradoxical reaction has been observed during therapy with biologics (P Weisenseel 2016).

Genetics: Rare cases of familial PPG are associated with loss-of-function mutations of the interleukin-36 receptor gene(IL-36RN gene), which encodes the receptor protein interleukin-36a. Interleukin-36a is an antagonist of 3 proinflammatory interleukins of the interleukin-1 family (IL-36alpha, IL-36beta, IL-36gamma). The dysfunction of interleukin -36a leads to a predominance of pro-inflammatory cytokines and to inflammatory reactions.

Remark: Mössner et al. found biallelic and monoallelic IL36RN mutations in 15 (24%) GPP patients and in 5 (8%) patients with GPP+psoriasis, respectively. The only significant genotype-phenotype correlation observed in IL36RN mutation carriers according to these authors is early age at disease onset.

Mutations in the IL-36RN gene can also be detected in exfoliatio areata linguae .

Furthermore, associations with rare CARD14 or AP1S3 variants have been detected in 15 % of IL36RN mutation carriers (Mössner R et al. 2018)

The following gene variants are occasionally found in PGG:

• MPO
• SERPINA3
• SERPINB3

Note: The CARD14 mutants lead to destabilization and malfunction of the pattern recognition receptor TLR-3(Toll-like receptor 3). Toll-like receptors are used to recognize so-called "Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns"(PAMPs).

Adults appearing after the 40th LJ. Rarely children.

The entire integument with a preference for the trunk and extremities, oral mucosa and the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and genital mucous membranes can also be affected.

Acute stomatitis with fine-lamellar, wipeable circinar or oval plaques (stomatitis geographica, stomatitis areata migrans) is found in the oral mucosa. There are findings on the tongue that can be morphologically classified as exfoliatio areata linguae.

Acute erythema and oedema occurring "overnight", accompanied by high fever and a severe feeling of illness, extending to complete or incomplete erythroderma with countless white or yellow, sterile pustules, either isolated or confluent to form pus lakes. The pustules burst within a short time, dry up or leave behind extensive weeping areas.

If left untreated, an intermittent course is typical, which can last for weeks or months. The frequency of flare-ups varies and can last for hours or days.

There may be whitish or gray, veil-like, exfoliating plaques in the area of the oral mucosa (exfoliatio areata linguae).

Psoriasis pusutlosa generalisata can be associated with Crohn's disease (Canbay A et al. 2001).

Depending on the extent and severity of the lesions, a distinction is made between different degrees of severity of generalized pustular psoriasis, which can be determined according to the following indices:

• Generalized Pustular Prosiasis Area and Severity Index/GPPASI): Depending on the severity, this index ranges from 0 (minimal infestation) to 72 (most severe infestation).
• Generalized Pustular Psoriasis Physician Global Assessment (GPPGA): This index evaluates the severity of the individual efflorescences erythema, scaling, pustules from severity 0 to 4, then the mean value is calculated.

BSG > 40 mm/hour; CRP > 50mg/l; leukocytosis mostly > 12,000/ul; neutrophilia often >80%; rarely hypoparathyroidism.

Superficial perivascular and interstitial lymphocytic and leukocytic dermatitis with epidermotropy and spongiform, subcorneal or highly intraepithelial pustules, see also Kogoj pustules.

Subcorneal pustulosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson): Rare, chronic, recurrent disease with formation of strictly subcorneal, sterile pustules. Nosology is controversial.

Pustulosis, acute generalized exanthematous (AGEP): Acute, generalized, usually febrile, non-follicular, sterile, pustular exanthema occurring in association with infections and/or medication, but also spontaneously, always associated with marked systemic leukocytosis and neutrophilia, and with a great tendency to heal spontaneously. There is no association with psoriasis vulgaris.

Generalized pustular figured erythema: Acute, rare, clinically severe, generalized pustular disease that has generally been classified as AGEP in the past. More than 20 cases of GPFE due to hydroxychloroquine have been described in the medical literature.

Toxic pustuloderma: no longer considered as an entity but as AGEP

Impetigo herpetiformis: is regarded as a pregnancy-induced variant of pustular psoriasis generalisata. Clinically there is a mostly acute, generalized pustular clinical picture.

Bronchopneumonia, hepatic metabolic disorders, iron deficiency, renal insufficiency.

• The range of clinical manifestations is wide. The general therapeutic measures vary accordingly.
• PPG must be classified as a life-threatening disease.
• In severe PPG, intensive care conditions apply in appropriately equipped therapy units.
• Discontinuation of possible provoking medication.
• Treatment of bacterial infections, focus search and remediation.
• General measures: isolation of the patient, protective clothing/mouth protection for medical/nursing staff, monitoring, sufficient volume supply, fluid balancing, heat supply, exact temperature control, moisture supply in the room air, special bed for decubitus prophylaxis/position on Metalline foil, bladder catheter, documentation of findings.

Remember! Check intravenous accesses regularly and change them daily (high risk of contamination)!

Applysulfadiazine-silver cream(e.g. Flammazine) thinly to affected areas (erosions). Wound debridement, detach necrotic skin sections; puncture and open blisters sterilely. Gauze mesh on erosive wound areas if necessary with antibiotic additive (e.g. bactigrass). Oral hygiene with astringent liquids (e.g. rp. 255 , Hexoral Lsg.). Eye hygiene several times a day with disinfecting and astringent eye drops (e.g. Solan eye drops). In addition, apply eye ointment containing dexpanthenol in a thick layer. Loosen adhesions with stick swab.

Treat pustular skin briefly with potent glucocorticoid such as 0.1% betamethasone rp. 029 or 0.05% clobetasol cream rp. 054 . In groins and axillae, 0.5% hydrocortisone zinc cream rp. 127 . After resolution of pustular relapse activity, transition to bland local therapy with hydrophilic ointments (e.g., Ungt. emulsif. aq.).

• There are currently no guidelines for treatment. It is recommended to use conventional immunosuppressants (ciclosporin, methotrexate, corticosteroids) or retinoids in the acute phase, possibly in combination with phototherapy (PUVA, narrow-band UVB), or to start initiation with biologicals such as anti-TNF-alpha, anti-IL-17 or anti-IL-12/IL-23/IL-23p19, depending on the patient's situation and the practitioner's experience.
• Since January 2023, the monoclonal antibody spesolimab (^Spevigo®) has been approved for the treatment of acute GPP relapse. Spesolimab inhibits the human IL-36 receptor in a highly specific manner so that the proinflammatory IL-36 cytokine pathway is blocked (Choon SE et al. 2021). Including rapid remission of skin and systemic symptoms: 50 % of patients pustule-free after just 8 days, 71 % at week 12. Dosage: 900 mg as an infusion over a period of 90 minutes during an attack. In case of persistence 2nd dose in identical amount. Remark: The preparation has since been withdrawn from the market.

  Another IL-36R antibody (imsidolimab) shows promising study results.

• In severe cases, fully balanced parenteral nutrition in the first few days. Scheme with daily application of colloidal solution (1 ml/kg bw x affected KO), electrolyte solution (physiological saline solution 1 ml/kg bw x affected KO).

• Antibiosis according to antibiogram.
• If the situation is stable, switch to a high-calorie liquid diet (e.g. Meritene). Later diet with strained food; no spices, no fruit acids.
• Treatment options for psoriasis vulgaris are often adopted: acitretin, ciclosporin, methotrexate, short-term steroids, also UV radiation, see above.

• Successes with acitretin (neotigason) 0.5-1.0 mg/kg bw/day p.o. have been reported (note: the therapeutic principle has not been sufficiently proven!). After the initiation phase reduction to the lowest possible maintenance dose according to the clinic. If therapy fails, methotrexate (e.g. MTX) or fumaric acid ester (Fumaderm). Priority is given to methotrexate 15 - 25 mg/week i.v. due to faster onset of action!

  Alternatively, a combination of methotrexate and fumaric acid esters may be possible. After the acute flare-up has subsided, therapy can be continued with fumaric acid esters alone if necessary.

• Successes with infliximab (off-label use!) have been described in individual case reports. See also psoriasis vulgaris below

  . note! Infliximab is already included in the guidelines of the British Association of Dermatology for this indication! However, as a rapid and reliable response to therapy is absolutely essential, infliximab is currently to be regarded as the "safe" therapy of first choice.

• Experimental and alternative: The use of interleukin-1 inhibitors (gevokizumab) led in individual cases (2 patients) to a prompt response within a 4-week period!
• Accompanying sedating antihistamine such as promethazine 75-100 mg/day p.o. (e.g. Atosil Drg.) or dimetinden 2 times/day 4 mg i.v. (e.g. Fenistil).

Comment: Internal glucocorticoids are possibly contraindicated from the etiologic understanding of the disease. However, they are effective in a very acute initial period, both externally and internally (200-250 mg prednisolone i.v.) and are suitable for bridging an acute initial phase!

If left untreated, an intermittent course is typical, which can last for weeks or months. The frequency of relapses varies and can last for hours or days. Life-threatening course possible, especially in older patients. In a study conducted in 2022 on Japanese patients with GPP who required hospitalization (n = 1516), a mortality rate of 4.2% was reported (Miyachi H et al. 2022)

See illustration above

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