All authors

Altmeyer's Encyclopedia is an independent, evidence-based medical information resource on specialist level. Since 1986 it has been continuously updated and expanded by only the most accomplished medical professionals in their fields.

Editorial Board

Prof. Dr. med. Peter Altmeyer

Dermatology/Vascular medicine/Cosmetology

One of the most well-known German dermatologists with decades of expertise in clinical dermatology. Professor emeritus at the Ruhr-University-Bochum, author of more than 30 textbooks and more than 700 scientific publications.

Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. habil. Heinrich Dickel

Allergology

Head physician of the department of allergology, occupational and environmental dermatology. Spokesman of the Allergy Centre Ruhr (ACR) of the Ruhr-University Bochum and Chairman of the German Contact Allergy Group (DKG).

Prof. Dr. med. Martina Bacharach-Buhles

Phytotherapy

Prof. Dr. med. Bacharach-Buhles is a distinguished expert in the field of dermatology, with many years of experience in research, teaching and clinical practice. As a professor at the University of Münster, she has played a decisive role in shaping the academic and professional development of her field. Her scientific work includes numerous publications and several specialist books that are widely recognised in teaching and practice.

Prof. Dr. med. Herbert Neumann

Internal medicine

Professor at the Ruhr-University-Bochum for internal medicine.

Prof. Dr. med. Horst Przuntek

Neurology

Prof. Dr. med. Guido Günther Heinrich Gerken

Gastroenterology

Professor of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the University Hospital Essen.

Dr. med. Christina I. Hirth

Pharmacology-Toxicology

Physician with broad clinical and scientific expertise. Completed her medical studies and earned her doctorate at Charité Berlin. Research experience at the University of Pennsylvania and at Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School in biochemistry, biophysics, and radiology. Worked as a research associate in neurology at Charité and held teaching positions in clinical chemistry, pathobiochemistry, neurology, and trauma surgery.

Prof. Dr. med. Sören G. Gatermann

Microbiology

Head of the Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology at the Ruhr-University Bochum.

Prof. Dr. med. dent. Jochen Jackowski

Dentistry

Advisors and Contributors Altmeyer's Encyclopedia is an independent, evidence-based medical information resource

Dr. med. Michael Ardabili

Dermatology

Prof. Dr. med. E. Christophers

Dermatology

Prof. Dr. med. Joachim Dissemond

Vascular medicine

Prof. Dr. med. Tobias Görge

Vascular medicine

Prof. Dr. med. Birgit Kahle

Vascular medicine

Prof. Dr. med. Knut Kröger

Vascular medicine

Prof. Dr. med. W. Marsch

Allergology

Prof. Dr. med. Achim Mumme

Vascular medicine

Prof. Dr. med. Eberhard Rabe

Vascular medicine

Prof. Dr. med. Wolfram Sterry ✝

Dermatology

Prof. Dr. med. Eggert Stockfleth

Dermatology

Prof. Dr. med. N. Sönnichsen ✝

Dermatology

Authors, Co-Authors and Lectors

Valiollah abbaspour Dr. Nessr Abu Rached Dr. Birgit Adam Nabil Agha Dr. SALEM ALANEZI Dr. med. Philipp Al Ghazal Viyan Al Hessen Dr. med. sally alkhonizi Dr. Mathias Altmeyer Tobias Altmeyer Dr. Lina Amin djawher Maximilian Appel Murat Aras Dr. med. Michael Ardabili Dr. Maryam Ardestani Dr. Maryam Ardestani Dr. Tamara Arnoldner Dr. med. Sanaz Ashrafi Dr. med. Firas Asper Ayşe Atan Dr. med. dent. Florence Auderset Philipp Augustin Dr. med. Vanessa Azzolina Lena Bartelt Albert Baschong Dr. med. Jens Bäte Evgenia Bauer Michael Bauer Julian Baur Diana Bayer Dr. med. Lukas Becker Dr. Anas Benahmed Dr. med. Sophia Bender-Säbelkampf Prof. Dr. Christoph Bendick Dr. med. Stefan Berghem Prof. Dr. med. Mattis Bertlich Cert. med. Kerstin Besmil Dr. med. Jörg Bettinger Anna Beyer Niklas Blaha Dr. Rachela Bleuel Felix Maximilian Blümel Dr. med. Marcel Boede Andreas Bonkowsky Julia Born Maria Bostelmann Dr. med. Nikolas Bounas-Pyrros Dorothée Bouschery Dr. med. Anja Brinkmann Franziska Buck Dr. med. Norbert Buhles Dr. med. Norbert Buhles Florian Burkhart Lukas Fabian Busch Dr. med. Nilgün Büyükakyüz Dr. med. Lucian Cajacob Dr. Katharina Cavada Dr. Stefan Cebulla Dr. med. Daniel Cekovic Andriani Charalambous Dr. med. Giannis Chatzimichail Dr. Dr. Benjamin Clanner-Engelshofen Dr. med. Andreas Colsman Dr. Phillip Constantin Luca Cristodero Dr. Behrus Darvishan Tassilo Dege Dr. med. Marie-Thérèse Demblin Dr. med. Karl-Friedrich Deml Dr. med. Maximilian Deußing Pascal de Waal Simon Deymann Dr. med. Christian Dietlin Dr. med. Onur Dikmen Carla Dohrendorf Cert. med. Ismail Döner Dr. Alexander Draschl Dr. Konstantin Drexler Bastian Drollmann Sidonie Droste zu Senden Dr. med. Nicole Duschner Bahareh Ebrahimi Dr. med. Maurice Eggimann Ramón Eichenberger Dr. med. Etienne Elbers Dr. med. Jana Ellermann Debora Elliesen Dr. med. Ouadie El Makhtoum Elrayesnajmeldeen Elrayes Dr. Alexander Erbacher Dr. med. Tilman Erler Dr. Konstantin Ertner Florian Erwig Moritz Fabry Dr. med. Aresh Farokhnia Tarik Farrag Felix Feiler Niklaas Feldmann Sophie Feuchter Dr. med. Aleksandra Filkoska Dimitrievski Janik Fleißner Dr. med. Rupert Florian Dr. med. Nicole Fosse Dr. med. Marc Frerix Dr. med. Imke Friedel Ricarda Friedrich Johanna Sophia Frikkel Dr. med. Julia Fritsche Dr. med. Alexandra Fritz Johannes Fritz Dr. med. Thomas Führer Kerstin Gaedigk Nomun Ganjuur Dr. Werner Gehring Dr. med. Frank Friedrich Gellrich Irmela Gevers Dr. Zafar Ghori Noemi Glarner Gilliana Gloede Leonardo Glowna Dr. med. Laura Gockeln Dr. med. Michael Grafenauer Dr. med. Stephan Große-Büning Lina Marie Grossmann Dr. med. Raphael Gruber Jens Grüger Dr. med. Pavel Grünwald Dr. med. Carole Guillet Dr. med. Ibrahim Güler Jim Haase Isabel Habermann Dr. med. Martin Hahn Dr. med. Martha Hähnle Veronika Hall Dr. Michael Hambardzumyan Dr. Elisabeth Hanf Maximilian Hansen Dr. med. Gesa Hansen-Prenz Prof. Dr. Holger Hänßle Dr. Verena Häring Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Hartschuh Dr. med. Torsten Hauschild R. Havenith Dr. med. Johannes Heck Anemone Heineke Denise Heise Konrad Heisterkamp Marten Helmdach Dr. med. Conrad Hempel Dr. Lena Henry Dr. med. Helmut Hentschel Dr. med. Markus Heppt Dr. med. Selina Herbst Dr. med. Kim Christian Heronimus Anne-Claire Herr Dr. Kathrin Hillmann Dr. med. Benedikt Hindelang Yannis Hoch Dr. med. Bernhard Hofer MSc Schwiedhard Hoffstall Moritz Hollstein Dr. Julia Holzgruber Sarah Holzhauer Michael Höner Dr. Katalin Horvath-Szögyi Siyawasch Hosseini Nadia Hotait Inga Hubrecht Cosima Hufnagel Dr. med. Svea Hüning Marc Ianachi Dr. med. Doguhan Inalöz Dr. Gunther Jacoby Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. Morteza Jafari Dr. med. Dagmar Jamiolkowski Dr. med. Philipp Jansen Jan Klaas Janßen Hannah Jaschinski Robert Jast Julian Jedl Jannis Jelten Dr. med. Franziska Jochims Eva Jung Dr. med. Eva Kämmerer David Kaplytta Dr. med. Elena Kasche Dr. med. Fabian Kästele Dr. med. Robert Kasten Dr. Ayça Kayır R. Kellermann Dr. med. Carolin Kern Salim Khatib Mohamad Khoraki Dr. med. Lea Kiefer Britta Kießler Dr. Fidan Kil Dr. Agsin Kjasimov Dr. med. Benjamin Klein Rebekka Klein Dr. med. Marisa Klemp Dr. med. Dominic Klingler Sarah Knödler Dr. med. Elias Koch Dr. med. Ulrich Koch Dr. med. Lukas Kofler Prof. Dr. Dr. H. c. Peter Karl Kohl Dr. med. Wolfgang Koll Sarah Kolschen Dr. med. Lydia König Lars Koschorreck Dr. med. Caterina Kostic Katharina Kostka Dr. med. Damian Kostner Julian Kött Dr. med. Bijan Koushk Jalali Dr. med. Marie-Paloma Krauß Dr. med. Almut Kremer Cert. ing. Christoph Kreps Dr. med. Jelena Krochmann Desiree Krüger Dr. med. Anja K.-Tessmann Marcus Kuchner Nagihan Kücükay Dr. Dana Kuhl Dr. med. Lilli Kuhlwilm Dr. med. Susanne Kühne Aleksandra Kulberg Dr. Julia Kunz MSc ramon lang Daria Langhammer Oliver Legrand Florian Lehner Saskia Lehrmann Hannes Leubner Dr. Roland Lichem Theresa Lichtenberg Dr. Henning Lichtenstein Dr. med. Ana Luiza Lima Julia Limmer Dr. Theresa Linke Dr. Tobias Lipek Daniela Eileen Lippoldt Katharina Lister Linda Löbelenz Dr. med. Franziska Löffel Anna Lohbeck Dr. med. Gustav Lohse Cert. med. Rahel Looser Johannes Lörner Dr. med. Felix Lückel Dr. med. Laine Ludriksone Prof. Dr. Ralf Ludwig Dr. med. Sollfrank Lukas Felix Lukassen Dr. med. Jeton Luzha Dr. Matiar Danial Madanchi Dr. Pamela Mai Pawel Majenka Dr. Renz Mang Dr. med. Claus Meisel Dr. Stefanie Melhorn Gianluca Menghini Tamara Merkel Luis Messner Tizian Meyer Julia Meyer Bettina Meyer-Schmidtke Alexander Michels Dr. med. Katrin Mihalics Paula Möbius Prof. Dr. med. ramin Mofarrah Dr. med. hans-werner momberger Nadja Morello Milda Mujtahed Christoph Müller Dr. med. Fabian Müller Marcel Müller MSc Cornelia Müller-Richter Maria Murmann Fabiola Murr Pia Nagel Dr. med. Nima Nasserani Dr. Jenny-Lou Navarra Angelika Németh Vardan Nersisyan Susanne Neumann Pauline Nibbe Dr. med. Christina Niederstadt Waldemar Nold Gundula Nothhaft Dr. med. Julia Oberheim Ann-Kathrin Oehus Hajo Oldenbruch Iga Olejarczyk-Ekman Dr. med. Christian Orasche Dr. med. Sebastian Osowski Dr. Anna Panagiotou Dr. med. Cornelia Paul Dr. med. Gerret Paulsen Dr. med. Simone Pecher Duygu Percin Dr. Ilaria Perrone Dr. Leonard Perschy Andreas Peter Anna Franziska Peters Dr. med. Ann-Cathrin Petrich Dr. med. Antonia Pfadenhauer Dr. Susanna Pfitzner Cert. ing. Bernhard Pitzal Dr. med. Antje Polensky Dr. Panagiotis Polyzois Dr. med. Margarita Pongratz Sietske Poortinga Anna Pothmann Regina Poulheim Lea-Isabell Präger Jennifer Prause Philipp Proksch Tim Pütz Mohannad Qraid Dr. med. Mohammad Rahbari Veronika Ralser-Isselstein Lejla Ramic Dr. guillermo ramirez fernandez Jan Ramming Prof. Dr. Stefanie Reich-Schupke Anna Reidenbach Dr. med. Raphael Reinhard Dr. med. Raphael Reinhard Karl Reinhard Dr. med. Hannes Reinhardt Manuel Reinhart Franziska Remer Timon Renggli Simon Reuter Roxana Rezazadegan Dr. med. Nathalie Ritter Fabio Rittinghaus Mag. Dorothea Ritzel Nadine-Marie Röckl Dr. Joachim Roewer Dr. Max Rogatsch Anna Rogge Christina Rohdenburg Christoph Rose Davide Rosolen Nicola Roushansarai Dr. med. Philipp Rudolphi Theresa Ruf Jonas Rüth Beate Saal Fabian Sautter Alexander Schäppi Eva Marie Scharnowski Dr. med. Nina Scheiba Wolfgang Schenk Anna Scherer Dr. med. Benjamin Schlag Nora Schlecht Paul Schlegel Thomas SCHLEUSSINGER Christiane Schmidt Linda Schmitt Michael Scholand Jeanette Schönfeld Dr. med. Margarete Schröder Annabel Schroer Dr. med. Christian Schuster Dr. med. Stella Schütte Pascal Schwarz Dr. med. Beate Schwarz Samuel Schwimmer Aylin Sezer Shaylin Shahinzad Sogol Shakibania Dr. Zenab Shmayyes Damian Specker Dr. Christina Spiegelfeld Joachim Spies Marco Sprung Jochen Starke Robin Stegemann Severin Steinegger Dr. Tim Steiner Dr. med. Julia Steinle Dr. med. Rainer Stengel Mario Stix Gulmira Stoll Oliver Storz Dr. med. Natalia Straub Dr. Johanna Strobl Birte Stroucken Julia Strunk Philipp Stüven Dr. med. Lia Sun Dr. med. Hossein Taghizadeh Ramona Tasar Warang Thaipreecha Dr. Thomas Thiele Dr. Markus Thieme Katharina Thum Dr. med. Christian Tigges Leyli Timner Dr. med. Wolfgang Tomandl Helene Tonner Dr. med. Thomas Trafoier Dr. med. Stephan Traidl Hadrian Tran Dr. med. Silke Tremper Ole Truderung Adam Tseichner Ioannis Tsikakis Furkan Tüten Dr. med. Johannes Uerscheln Nikolaus Urban Mario Urbanek Dr. med. Markus Voglau Lev Volkov Dr. med. Gerrit vom Brocke Dr. med. Igor Vujic Hannah Wahida Maya Walper Dr. Martin Wang Jule Warncke Alexander Wegenast Ulrich Wehry Prof. Dr. Michael Weichenthal Dr. med. Florian Weid Till Weidner Nico Weinkauf Sebastian Weißflog Daniel Wenk Manuel Weyrauch Dr. med. Christine Wieland christian willig Dr. med. Christian Martin Winter Dr. med. Jannik Winter Assoc. Prof. Miriam Wittmann Tom Wohlfarth Gina Wünsch Dr. med. Carolin Xander Seymanur Yildirim Beshoy Yossif Dr. Ruo-Xi Yu Yulia Yulis Alexandros Zarotis Wolfgang Zerbe Max Zhao Dr. David Zimmermann Dr. Nicole Zimmermann Julia Zlotkowski Dr. Alexander Zumdick