Equine encephalitis, venezuelan A92.2
Synonym(s)
VEE; Venezuelan equine encephalitis
History
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Beck, 1938
Definition
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Arbovirosis, caused by alpha viruses, which can cause encephalitis in horses and humans
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Pathogen
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- Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae. So far 6 subtypes are known. Type I (A/B, C, D, E) not pathogenic to humans.
- Type II is human pathogenic and is transmitted by mosquitoes (Culex, Mansonia, Aedes and Psorophora species).
- The main reservoir is birds and rodents and other wildlife.
Occurrence/Epidemiology
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- Endemic-enzootic and epidemic-epizootic occurrence. Occurs in northern South America, Central America to southern Texas.
- Human infections follow an epizootic at intervals of 1-2 weeks.
Clinic
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Snapperent infections are possible (high seroconversion rates in biotopes). Sudden onset of fever, headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, neuro-psychological disorders and myalgias. Encephalitis occurs in about 1% of those affected. Virus exanthema rarely occurs.
Diagnosis
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- Virus isolation from the blood within the first 2 days of illness.
- Antigen ELISA test from the infected cell culture.
Differential diagnosis
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Viral and bacterial encephalitis of other genesis.
Complication(s)(associated diseases
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Neurological defect healing is possible.
Therapy
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Symptomatic.
Progression/forecast
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Mortality in horses up to 80%, death usually occurs within 2-7 days. In humans, fatal outcome in about 1% of cases. The mortality rate of hospitalized patients is 10-15%. Defect healings are rare.
Prophylaxis
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- Vaccinations of horses, donkeys and mules (bar vaccinations).
- TC-83 virus dead vaccine is immunogenic for humans.
- Mosquito control.
Literature
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- Albornoz JE (1935) La peste loca de las bestias (Enfermedad de Borna). Colombia. Min Agr Com, Bogota. Bol de Agr 26: 1-8
- Beck CE, Wyckoff RWG (1938) Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. Science 88: 530
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Outgoing links (1)
Virus exanthema (overview);Disclaimer
Please ask your physician for a reliable diagnosis. This website is only meant as a reference.
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Prof. Dr. med. Peter Altmeyer