Comfreyroot. Comfrey root contains tannins, mucilages, caffeic acid derivatives (including rosmarinic acid), allantoin, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. see also Symphytum officinalis L.
HMPC monograph: traditional use: external for sprains and minor bruises.
HMPC noted 4 clinical studies conducted with another comfrey preparation. According to these studies reduction of swelling and pain. However, the exact composition of the herbal preparation used was not known, therefore the status of well-established use was not assigned.
ESCOP monograph: externally for pain and swelling of muscles and joints, arthritis of joints, acute back pain, muscle strains, contusions and sprains, epicondylitis, tenosynovitis and periarthritis.
Commission e-monograph: externally for bruises, strains and sprains.
Empirical medicine: adjuvant in gastritis, nervous irritable stomach, stomach cramps, adjuvant in irritable bladder, enuresis nocturna.