Alternariosis cutaneousB48.8

Very rare, clinically multiform secondary mycosis caused by Alternaria species in the case of underlying, severe disturbance affecting the entire organism (long-term immunosuppression).

• Endogenous form: infection by inhalation of spores and hematogenic spread from the lungs to the skin.
• Exogenous form: Local traumatic germ inoculation (e.g. by contaminated foreign bodies (e.g. wood splinters, spines) with clinical manifestations often years after injury or colonisation of the mycete on previously damaged (e.g. traumatically or steroid-treated) skin.
• More frequent in patients with immunological disorders ( Cushing's syndrome), systemic glucocorticoid therapy, HIV infection or after organ transplantation; less frequent in malignant lymphomas.
• It is not uncommon for infections caused by Alternaria species to be overlaid or complicated by type I sensitization. In this respect this must be taken into account (see below).

• Endogenous form: Mostly numerous, disseminated foci, which can occur ubiquitously on the integument.
• Exogenous form: Mostly solitary, especially on arms and legs, face.

• Successes under therapy with itraconazole (e.g. Sempera) (2 times/day 200 mg p.o. for 3 months) were reported (after response the dose was reduced to 100 mg/day p.o.).
• Very good response to liposomal amphotericin B (e.g. AmBisome) initial 1 mg/kg bw i.v. over 6 weeks; if necessary, increase gradually to 3 mg/kg bw i.v.

Classification and molecular biological classification of common mould allergens modified according to "WHO/IUIS, Allergen Nomenclature Sub-committee".

Alternaria

• Alt a 1
• Alt a 3 Heat shock protein
• Alt a 4 Disulfide isomerase
• Alt a 5 Ribosomal protein P2
• Alt a 6 Enolase
• Alt a 7 YCP4 protein
• Alt a 8 Mannitol dehydrogenase
• Alt a 10 Aldehydes dehydrogenase
• Alt a 12 Acid ribosomal protein
• Alt a 13 Glutathione S-transferase
• Alt a 14 Manganese superoxide dismutase
• Alt a 15 Serine protease

• Medical history and findings: 72-year-old kidney transplant patient under long-term immunosuppressive therapy (azathioprine 150 mg/day, prednisolone 7.5 mg/day). Within 6-8 weeks after a banal injury, painless nodular, reddish-brown, scaly, sometimes warty plaque on the knee, last measuring about 3 x 2 cm. Primary diagnosis: Granuloma anulare.
• Histology: Diffuse, granulomatous dermatitis with epithelioid cell granulomas, giant cells, neutrophilic microabscesses. PAS staining: detection of mycelia; in the Grocott stain, detection of short, septated mycelia. On Kimmig agar a fast growing culture was detectable after 5 days at 30 °C (see below). Morphological and genetically verified diagnosis: Alternaria alternata.
• Therapy: Itraconazole 200 mg/day for 8 weeks, combined with topical application of Ciclopiroxolamine occlusively. After four months: complete healing.

• In a 60-year-old female patient, grouped red papules on the right wrist and the left heel region have shown little symptomatic since ½ year. Z.n. liver-TX due to advanced liver cirrhosis Child C ethyltoxic etiology with subacute liver failure. Currently an immunosuppressive medication (since 2008): Tacrolimus 2x5 mg and mycophenolic acid 2x360 mg/day was administered.
• Mycology: The microbiological analysis of a skin biopsy of the right foot showed a positive fungal PCR detection with the following sequencing result of Lewia infectoria. From scales from the right hand conventional mycological alternaria species could be detected in culture.
• Histology: In the upper dermis detection of granulomatous infiltrates with intracellular PAS- and Grocott-positive fungal elements.
• Therapy: Fluconazol 100 mg 2 x/day p.o.
• Course: Gradual regression of the papules within 3 months.

1. Acland KM (1998) Cutaneous infection with Alternaria alternata complicating immunosuppression: successful treatment with itraconazol. Br J Dermatol 138: 354-356
2. Alhmali N et al (2011) Cutaneous alternariosis in drug-induced immunosuppression after liver transplantation. Abstract CD 46th DDG meeting, DK02/06.1
3. Altmeyer P, Schon K (1981) Cutaneous mold granulomas caused by Ulocladium chartarum. dermatologist 32: 36-38
4. Baykal C et al (2000) Simultaneous cutaneous and ungual alternariosis in a renal transplant recipient. Br J Dermatol 143: 910-912
5. Benito N et al (2001) Alternariosis after liver transplantation. Transplantation 72: 1840-1843
6. Courville P et al (2002) Co-existent cutaneous cryptococcosis of the forearm and cutaneous alternariosis of the leg in patient with metastatic thymoma. J Cutan catheter 29: 55-58
7. Lyke KE et al (2001) A case of cutaneous ulcerative alternariosis: rare association with diabetes mellitus and unusual failure of itraconazole treatment. Clin Infect Dis 32: 1178-1187
8. Kim JO et al (2003) Cutaneous alternariosis in a renal transplant recipient. Int J Dermatol 42: 630-631
9. Machet L et al (2000) Effectiveness of terbinafine in cutaneous alternariosis. Br J Dermatol 143: 1115-1116
10. Mayser P et al (2004) Cutaneous alternariosis. Diagnostics, clinic and therapy. Dermatologist 55: 1137-1142
11. Merino E et al (2003) Relapsing cutaneous alternariosis in a kidney transplant recipient cured with liposomal amphotericin B. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 22: 51-53
12. Noack-Wiemers F et al (2003) Indolente erythematous cutaneous-subcutaneous nodules after combined kidney and pancreas transplantation. dermatologist 54: 354-357
13. Pereiro M Jr et al (2001) Alternariosis refractory to itraconazole in a patient suffering from bullous pemphigoid. Dermatology 202: 268-270