Interleukin-5

Author: Prof. Dr. med. Peter Altmeyer

Last updated on: 29.10.2020

Synonym(s)

50K-BCGF; 50 kDa B cell growth factor; B151 B cell growth factor; B151-BCGF; B151 T cell replacing factor; B151-TRF; BCDF-α; BCDF-μ; B cell differentiation factor (BCDF); B cell differentiation factor α; B cell differentiation factor μ; B cell growth and differentiation factor; B cell growth factor 2; B cell maturation factor; BCGF-2; BGDF; BMF; CFU-Eo-GSF; colony forming unit eosinophil growth stimulating factor; Dennert line B cell growth factor; DLBCGF; EDF; Eo-CSF; Eo-DF; Eosinophil colony stimulating factor; eosinophil differentiation factor; Eosinophil stimulation promoter; ESP; IgA-EF; IgA-enhancing factor; IL-5; KHF; Killer helper factor; T cell replacing factor 1; T cell replacing factor 2; Thymus replacing factor; TRF; TRF-1; TRF-2

Definition
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Interleukin-5 is a glycoprotein (cytokine) consisting of 115 amino acids. The coding gene is located on the 5th chromosome.

Eosinophilic granulocytes are the main source of interleukin-5. Furthermore, the cytokine is secreted by TH2 helper cells and mast cells and acts as a specific hematopoietic growth factor. IL-5 promotes differentiation of B cells and further the synthesis of IgA by plasma cells. The cytokine causes the transformation of thymocytes into cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

Interleukin-5 is involved in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of eosinophilic granulocytes. Overexpression of Il-5 leads to eosinophilia.

Interleukin-5 receptors are expressed by all hematopoietic (but especially by eosinophilic) cells. They are present as high-affinity and low-affinity receptors. Besides the membrane receptors, soluble receptors (sIL-5R) are also present.

General information
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IL-5 causes the activation of eosinophil granulocytes, influences the general immune response and inflammatory processes. It plays a role in the development of allergies, eosinophilic oesophagitis, hypereosinophilic syndrome and hypereosinophilic dermatitis.

General therapy
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Anti-interleukin-5 therapies are carried out experimentally in eosinophilic diseases. Use of monoclonal humanised antibodies against human IL-5 ( mepolizumab and reslizumab) in bronchial asthma, atopic eczema (no significant results), hypereosinophilic syndrome and hypereosinophilic dermatitis (significant improvement).

UVA therapy of atopic dermatitis did not lead to a change in interleukin-5 expression despite improvement of the kisichen status.

Monoclonal antibodies against the receptor "Interleukin-5Ralpha"(Benralizumab) are used in patients with eosinophilic bronchial asthma.

Literature
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Bogaczewicz J et al.(2016) Medium-dose ultraviolet A1 phototherapy and mRNA expression of TSLP, TARC, IL-5,
and IL-13 in acute skin lesions in atopic dermatitis.Int J Dermatol 55:856-863.
Castro M et al (2016) Treatment for severe eosinophilic asthma-consistent effect of anti-interleukin-5 antibodies? Lancet 388:2059-2060.
Hilvering B et al (2015) Evidence for the efficacy and safety of anti-interleukin-5 treatment in the management of refractory eosinophilic asthma. Ther Adv Respir Dis 9:135-145.
McLeod O et al (2016) Genetic loci on chromosome 5are
associated with circulating levels of interleukin-5 and eosinophil count in a European population with high risk for cardiovascular disease. Cytokines 81:1-9.
Simon D et al (2007) Anti-interleukin-5 therapy for eosinophilic diseases. dermatologist 58: 122-127
Teng Y et al (2014) Tobacco smoking associated with the increases of the bronchoalveolar levels of interleukin-5 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in acute eosinophilic pneumonia. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 18:887-893.
Varricchi G et al (2016) Interleukin-5 pathway inhibition in the treatment of eosinophilic respiratory disorders: evidence and unmet needs. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 16:186-200.